Articles Exercise. Page 74-75

      Complete  the  sentences  by  using  a,  an  or  the.

1.        Where  is                            cat ? It  is  in                              garden.

2.        Have  you  seen                                leopard?

3.       My  mother  bought  me                            pair  of  trousers.

4.       My  sister  has  three  pets -                             dog,                            cat  and                            parrot.                            dog  is  called  Gussy,                            cat  is  called  Eric  and                            parrot  is  called  Pepe.

5.       All  trains  have  been  delayed.  I  have  been  waiting  at                            railway  station  for                            hour.

6.       I  went  to                            riverside  for                            walk.

7.       We  went  to                            Chinese  restaurant  at                            end  of                            street.                            food  served  there  is  delicious.

8.       Jamie  is                            quiet  boy.  He  hardly  speaks.

9.       I cannot  find  my shoes. They  are  under                            stairs.

10.                               weather  today  is  lovely.                            Sky  looks  so  blue.

11.   Mrs.  Gibbs  is                            social  worker.

12.   I  want  to  buy                            pair  of  trousers  for  myself.

Complete  the  sentences  with  a,  the  or  put  a cross (X)  if  no  article  is  required.

1.       I   love                            Geography  and                            English.

2.       Lisbon  is                            capital  of  Portugal.

3.                                   vegetables  are  good  for  health.

4.       I  woke  up  when                            clock  struck  seven.

5.       We   spent                            day  at                            museum.  We  came  home  in                            evening.

6.                                   most  children  love  chocolate.

7.       Aren’t                            French  very  good  at  wine  making?

8.       You  need   to  take                            preventive  does   of  medicines.

9.                                   kite  making  is  a  special  skill.

10.   Yesterday,  I  noticed                            tiny  speck  in                            sky  and  realised it  was  not                            bird  but                            fighter  jet  racing   across  sky!

Comparison of Adjective and Adverb

Comparison of Adjective and Adverb

Comparison with 3 degrees include a comparison.

       1. Position degree (minimum standard) is no comparison with anything at all.
       2. Comparative degree (compared to) the comparison of two things or two people.
       3. Superlative degree (the highest), compared with more than two objects or people up to something.



             A common error in using adjectives and adverbs arises from using the wrong form for comparison.
Incorrect Example: She is the poorest of the two women.

Correct Examples:
She is poor. (positive form)
She is the poorer of the two women. (comparative form)
She is the poorest of them all. (superlative form)

Some words have irregular comparative and superlative forms.

Examples:
bad/worse/worst
good/better/best

Incorrect Example: She is the best candidate of the two for the job.

Correct Example: She is the better candidate of the two for the job.
Many one-syllable adjectives and adverbs may be compared by adding —er or —est.

Examples:
sweet/sweeter/sweetest
nice/nicer/nicest
silly/sillier/silliest
big/bigger/biggest
Some one-syllable words, such as fun, are exceptions. You must use more or most with fun.
Example: Learning English grammar is more fun than I thought it would be.
Usually, with words of three or more syllables, don’t add —er or —est. Use more or most in front of the words. Never use both the —er or —est suffix and more or most.

Example: efficient/more efficient/most efficient

Incorrect Example: He is more efficienter at using the PowerPoint program than his boss is.

Correct Example: He is more efficient at using the PowerPoint program than his boss is.
When comparing with an —ly adverb, keep the —ly and add more or most.

Incorrect Example: She spoke quicker than he did.

Correct Examples: She spoke quickly.
She spoke more quickly than he did.

Incorrect Example: Talk quieter.

Correct Examples: Talk quietly.
Talk more quietly.

 

Comparison of adverbs and adjectives Exercise

Quiz: Are these sentences correct or incorrect?


1. You are the funnest person I know.
2. I can run more faster than you can.
3. I can run more quickly than you can.
4. My brother is the youngest of the two of us.
5. She is the best of the two sisters at braiding hair.

Answers

1. Incorrect (most fun)
2. Incorrect (faster)
3. Correct
4. Incorrect (younger)
5. Incorrect (better)

The Preposition

The Preposition

 

 

 

 

                    On, in, and beside are all prepositions. They are showing where the puppy is. Prepositions can also show location in time. Read the next three examples:

• At midnight, Jill craved mashed potatoes with grape jelly.
• In the spring, I always vow to plant tomatoes but end up buying them at the supermarket.
• During the marathon, Iggy's legs complained with sharp pains shooting up his thighs. 

 

Understand how to form a prepositional phrase.

Prepositions generally introduce prepositional phrases. Prepositional phrases look like this:

preposition + optional modifiers

+ oun, pronoun, or gerund

Here are some examples:

At school

At = preposition; school = noun.

According to us 

According to = preposition; us = pronoun. 

By chewing

By = preposition; chewing = gerund. 

Under the stove

Under = preposition; the = modifier; stove = noun. 

In the crumb-filled, rumpled sheets

In = preposition; the, crumb-filled, rumpled = modifiers; sheets = noun. 

                                

 





Comparison Exercise

Choose the correct option for each of the following sentences.

              e.g.      He worked more efficiently than I did. (efficiently, more efficiently, most efficiently)

1.         Her promotion was the __________ moment of her life. (proud, prouder, proudest)

2.         Hawaii is _________ from Hong Kong than Japan. (far, farther, farthest)

        3.        This ring is too _________ for me. (small, smaller, smallest)

        4.         It is _________ to ask for help than solve the problem by yourself. (easy, easier, easiest)

5.         Grace’s work is __________, but Joan’s is __________. (good, better, best)

6.         August is __________ than any other month. (hot, hotter, hottest)

7.         Do you support his __________ proposal? (late, later, latest)

8.         Prevention is __________ than cure. (good, better, best)

9.         He may be the __________ man in Hong Kong. (rich, richer, richest)

10.       This pair of glasses is as __________ as that pair. (fashionable, more fashionable, most

fashionable)

 

 

Answer

1. proudest	2. farther	3. small	4. easier	5. good, better
6. hotter	7. latest	8. better	9. richest	10. fashionable

Comparison

Comparison

Regular forms Adjectives Adjective Comparative Superlative 1. Of one syllable, add-(e)r/-(e)st to form their comparative & superlative forms. small hot safe smaller (than) hotter (than) safer (than) the smallest (of/in) the hottest (of/in) the safest (of/in) 2. Of two syllables ending in -ly, -y, -w, also add -er/-est. friendly busy shallow friendlier (than) busier (than) shallower (than) the friendliest (of/in) the busiest (of/in) the shallowest (of/in) 3. Of two or more syllables, take more/most. serious amazing more serious (than) more amazing (than) the most serious (of/in) the most amazing (of/in)                                                                                                                                          Usage                             1. We use the comparative to compare one person/ thing with another.                                    e.g. Mary is prettier than Ann.                                    This car is more expensive than the others.                               2. We use the superlative to compare one person/ thing with more than one of the same group.                                    e.g. He is the fastest runner of all.                                    She is the most intelligent child in the family.             Regular forms Adverbs Adverb Comparative Superlative 1. Adverbs having the same forms as their adjectives add -er/-est. long fast early longer (than) faster (than) earlier (than) (the) longest (the) fastest (the) earliest 2. Two syllables or compound adverbs (adjectives+-ly, e.g. careful-carefully) take more/most. often slowly quickly more often (than) more slowly (than) more quickly (than) (the) most often (the) most slowly (the) most quickly Irregular forms Adjectives/Adverbs Comparative Superlative good/ well bad/badly much/ many/ a lot of little few far better worse more less fewer farther/further best worst most least fewest farther/furthest                                                                            Usage                                                                     1. Well is the adverb of good.                                                                  e.g. He is a good cook. He cooks well.                                                            2. further (adj) = more                                                                  e.g. For further information contact Mr White.                                                                  further/farther (adv) = longer (in distance)                     Types of Comparison Examples 1. as … (adj/adv) … as not so/as as … (adj/adv) … as such a(n)/so … as She speaks as calmly as usual. It is not so/as hot as it was yesterday. This is not such an exciting film as the last one. 2. twice/three times /half/ etc as … (adj/adv) … as Their house is three times as big as ours. His watch cost half as much as mine. 3. the same as Your violin is the same as the one I’ve bought. 4. less … (adj/adv) … than the least … (adj/adv) … of/in The red sofa is less expensive than the blue one, but the black one is the least expensive of all. 5. the + comparative … , the + comparative The earlier you start, the sooner you’ll finish. 6. comparative + and + comparative Their life is getting better and better.                                             Sentence transformation           1. a. I’ve never seen such a boring movie.     b. It is the most boring movie I’ve ever seen. 2. a. He is taller than his sister.     b. His sister is not as tall as he is/him. 3. a. If you work more, you will earn more.     b. The more you work, the more you will earn. 4. a. She is the quickest runner of all.     b. She is quicker than any other runner.     c. No other runner is as quick as she is/her. 5. a. He is a terrible driver.     b. He drives terribly. 6. a. Jack has got the same number of books as Peter.     b. Peter has got as many books as Jack. 7  a. She hasn’t made as many mistakes as last time.    b. She has made fewer mistakes than last time.

Articles

 

          
           First the good news:There are only three articles in English: a, an and the.
There are two types of articles indefinite 'a' and 'an' or definite 'the'. You also need to know when not to use an article.
The bad news is that their proper use is complex, especially when you get into the advanced use of English. Quite often you have to work it out by what sounds right, which can be frustrating for a learner.

 

                                           Indefinite articles - a and an

A and an are the indefinite articles. They refer to something not specifically known to the person you are communicating with.
A and an are used before nouns that introduce something or someone you have not mentioned before:-

For example:

"I saw an elephant this morning." "I ate a banana for lunch."

A and an are also used when talking about your profession:-

For example:

"I am an English teacher." "I am a builder."

Note!

You use a when the noun you are referring to begins with a consonant (b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y or z), for example, "a city", "a factory", and "a hotel". You use an when the noun you are referring to begins with a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) Pronunciation changes this rule. It's the sound that matters, not the spelling. If the next word begins with a consonant sound when we say it, for example, "university" then we use a. If the next word begins with a vowel sound when we say it, for example "hour" then we use an. We say "university" with a "y" sound at the beginning as though it were spelt "youniversity". So, "a university" IS correct. We say "hour" with a silent h as though it were spelt "our". So, "an hour" IS correct.

a factory

Pronouns

PRONOUNS

A Pronoun is a word used in place of a noun.  Usually pronouns refer to something that was already mentioned in previous sentence or understood by the listener or reader. They are very useful words because when you use them, you do not need to repeat nouns all the time.  Without pronouns  Alexander is my neighbor. Alexander says that Alexander likes to sleep.  With pronouns  Alexander is my neighbor. He says that he likes to sleep. When a pronoun replaces a word (or a group of words), the word being replaced is called anantecedent.  I wrote a letter to the president, who responded quickly.  In that sentence, president is antecedent of the pronoun who. A pronoun must agree with its antecedent in person, number, and gender.	Pronouns List and Quizzes English Pronouns List Alphabetical list of English pronouns with definitions and translations. Pronouns spelling quiz Check-Practice your spelling of English pronouns. Quiz lets you choose only those pronouns that you have trouble with.  Personal Pronouns Quiz on Pronoun Usage. Personal, possessive, reflexive/intensive pronouns, and possessive adjectives.  The Types of Pronouns Identify the type of a pronoun in each sentence. Personal, Demonstrative, Relative, Reflexive, Indefinite, etc.  Pronoun or Adjective Identify the function of the word in the sentence. Demonstrative, Interrogative, and Indefinite pronouns acting as adjectives.  Pronouns Practice Identify each pronoun in a sentence by clicking on it. Random sentences are given each time.  Pronoun: Who whom Whose Learn how to use subjective, objective, and possessive forms of the pronoun Who
The different kinds of pronouns are:  Demonstrative Personal Indefinite Intensive Interrogative Reciprocal Reflexive Relative Personal pronouns In order to use personal pronouns, it is important to know about case (subject, object, and possessive), number(singular and plural), person (first, second, and third), and gender (male, female and neutral). Subject Pronouns: I, you, she, he, it, we, they are used as a subject or predicate noun.  She is a teacher. It was he who said that. Object Pronouns: me, you, him, her, them, us, it are used as an indirect object, direct object, or object of a preposition.  She baked him a pie. I can hardly see it. They are going with us. Possessive Pronouns: mine, yours, his, hers, theirs, ours, its take the place of possessive nouns.  If this isn’t ours, it must be theirs. Yours is much better then mine. Tables below show the breakdown of the English personal pronouns  along the four dimensions of case, person, number, and gender. Singular Subjective/Nominative Objective Possessive Male Female Neutral Male Female Neutral Male Female Neutral First Person I me mine Second Person you you yours Third Person he she it him her it his hers its Plural Subjective/Nominative Objective Possessive Male Female Neutral Male Female Neutral Male Female Neutral First Person we us ours Second Person you you yours Third Person they them theirs Case and personal pronouns Always use nominative case pronoun if pronoun is a part of the subject. In the following example the pronoun is a part of the subject so subject pronoun should be used.  My sister and me went to the movie.       (Incorrect)  My sister and I went to the movie.       (Correct)  Always use objective case pronoun if pronoun is part of the object. In the following example the pronoun is a direct object so object pronoun should be used.  My sister took a picture of him and I.       (Incorrect)  My sister took a picture of him and me.       (Correct) Person and personal pronouns :) Personal pronouns are called personal because they indicate a person speaking, spoken to, or spoken about. Personal pronoun refers to a specific individual(singular) or a group(plural). I saw you when she talked to them. The pronoun I refers to the person speaking.  The pronoun you refers to the person spoken to.  The pronoun she and them refer to persons spoken about. Number and personal pronouns The number shows whether the pronoun refers to a single person or thing or more than one person or things. It tells what verb to use – singular or plural.  He is late.      using singular form of the verb to be - is  We are late.      using plural form of the verb to be - are  Remember that pronoun you, whether it is plural or singular, always takes a plural form of the verb to be. Correct Incorrect You are late. You is late. You were tired. You was tired. Gender and Personal pronouns  Some of the personal pronouns have gender, which means that they are masculine (male), feminine (female) or neuter (neither male or female). Knowing the gender of antecedent, we can choose a pronoun with matching gender.  Alex is my brother. I like him.  This is Nancy. She is ten.  This is my watch. Give it to me. Demonstrative Pronouns Demonstrative Pronouns point out a specific persons, animals, places, things or ideas.  List of Demonstrative pronouns: this, that, these, those That is his book. This is an excellent question.  I want to exchange this for that and these for those. Intensive Pronouns Intensive pronouns (also called emphatic) end with self or selves and emphasize (intensify) a noun or another pronoun. They make you notice the nouns and pronouns they go with. Instructor himself ordered this product.  In that sentence, the pronoun is himself and it goes with the noun Instructor. We did all the work ourselves.  In that sentence, the pronoun is ourselves and it goes with the pronoun We. List of Intensive pronouns: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, oneself, ourselves, themselves, yourselves. Table shows English Intensive pronouns classified by gender, person and number. Singular Plural Male Female Neutral Male Female Neutral First Person myself ourselves Second Person yourself yourselves Third Person himself herself itself themselves Reflexive Pronouns Reflexive pronouns are the same as intensive pronouns (see above) but they don’t intensify; they point back to the subject of the sentence. He wanted to kick himself for even making that stupid comment.  I bought myself a new shirt. Reflexive and intensive pronouns turn the action of the verb back to the subject of the sentence. Never use a reflexive/intensive pronoun in place of a personal pronoun. They are correctly used only in reflexive or intensive roles. The following sentences are incorrect.  Mary and myself went to the movie.  My father drove Mary and myself to the movie. The following sentences are correct.  Mary and I went to the movie.  My father drove Mary and me to the movie. More about reflexive intensive pronouns usage Indefinite pronouns Indefinite pronouns do not refer to any particular persons or places or things. They replace nouns without specifying which noun they replace. List of Indefinite pronouns Singular: another, anybody, anyone, anything, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, little, much, neither, nobody, no one, nothing, one, other, somebody, someone, something  Plural: both, few, many, others, several  Singular or plural: all, any, more, most, none, some Hint: Indefinite pronouns that end in -one or -body are always singular. //except none// These words include: anyone, everyone, someone, one, anybody, somebody, nobody. Examples: Pronouns that are always singular  Everybody can do something, but nobody can do everything.  Either looks like a good option. Examples: Pronouns that are always plural  Few were late for the meeting.  Many bought tickets to the show. For indefinite pronouns that can be singular or plural, it depends on what the indefinite pronoun refers to.  There is a lot of furniture in the room; some is damaged.         some refers to furniture, which is singular.  There are many books there; some are very interesting.       some refers to books, which is plural. Reciprocal Pronouns Reciprocal Pronouns show a mutual relationship. They are each other and one another.  Each other is used when the group consists of just two people, animals or things. One another is used when the groups consists of more than two people, animals ot things. Examples  John and Bob respect each other.  We are commanded to love one another. Relative Pronouns Relative Pronoun begins a subordinate clause and connects that clause to another noun that precedes it in the sentence. Relative pronouns list: who, whom, whose, whoever, whomever, which, whichever, that, what, whatever. Examples  It is a book that is difficult to ignore.  The dog, which is a terrier, is four years old.  I will consider renting or buying, whichever works out best. All relative pronouns do not change the form with gender, person, or number.  Only who changes form with case. Subjective: who  Objective: whom  Possessive: whose Examples  The girl who told me the story lives down the street.  The girl whom I chose will get a present.  I am not sure whose that is. Interrogative Pronouns Interrogative pronouns are used to begin or introduce interrogative sentences. They are who, whom, whose, what, and which.  They are similar to the Relative Pronouns; the difference is their use in the sentence. Examples  Whom did you invite to the party?  Which did you prefer?  Who did what to whom?
Possessive adjectives Possessive adjectives (also called determiners ordeterminative possessive pronouns) always modify/describe a noun. They must be used together with nouns they are describing, and come in front of them. There are seven of them in modern English: my, your, his, her, its, our, their. His book is excellent.  Their house is new.  Highlighted words inform us to whom something belongs and their function is similar to those of adjectives. More about possessive adjectives
Pronouns and Adjectives Some words that function as pronouns may function as adjectives because they tell something about the noun they modify rather than stand in for it. Examine the following table to see the different roles of some words and remember that          Adjective describes a noun and Pronoun replaces a noun. Possessive Adjectives  My English is good.  I see your money.  His girl is a student.  I like her hair.  It is our place.  Their house is old. Possessive Pronouns  Mine is better  Yours are gone.  I will take his.  I like hers.  It is ours.  I do not want theirs. Demonstrative Adjectives  I like that story.  These quizzes are nice.  Who did this work?. Demonstrative Pronouns  I like that.  These are nice quizzes.  Who did this?. Interrogative Adjectives  Which classes did you take?  Whose phone did you use?  What kind of pronoun is it? Interrogative Pronouns  Which did you like?  Whose did you break?  What is a pronoun? Indefinite Adjectives  Many children like ice cream.  Did you want some bananas?  Is there any tea?  I need a few minutes. Indefinite Pronouns  Many bought tickets to the show.  Some are not fresh.  No, there is not any?  I have a few.